How did energy prices, costs and subsidies impact EU consumers in 2018?

The European Commission recently published their staff working document which drew heavily on the key findings from the study on European energy prices, costs and subsidies which was conducted by Trinomics. The report assesses the role of competition in the forming of wholesale & retail energy prices, analyses the impact of the energy bill on households’ budgets & industrial competitiveness and provides an overview of policy instruments such as energy taxation, subsidies and price regulation.  Among other findings, our study shows that while EU member states’ wholesale prices for electricity and natural gas are often close…