The study, commissioned by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), produced two reports on public support, at EU level and in selected EU Member States, for activities that may drive deforestation or forest degradation. The first report focuses on subsidies for biomass used in electricity generation and updates an inventory first published in 2022. The second report focuses on subsidies not related to biomass: it identifies pathways through which they may influence deforestation and forest degradation outcomes, examines and quantifies subsidies that directly or indirectly support relevant activities (where data are available in public databases), and illustrates the findings through case studies